English Grammar: A1 to C2

Used for habits, facts, and permanent states

Used for completed actions at a specific past time

Used for predictions, promises, and spontaneous decisions

Forms identity, location, feeling, and description

Used for specific vs general reference with nouns

Used for possession and characteristics in informal British English

Forms plurals for more than one countable noun

Used for showing ownership or relationship before a noun

Used for pointing to near or far people, things, or ideas

Used for stating existence or presence of something in a place

Used for commands, instructions, requests, or advice

Used for asking specific information using what, where, when, why, how, who

Used for actions happening now or temporary situations

Used for interrupted past actions or background description

Used for decided plans and evidence-based predictions

Used for comparing qualities between items or identifying the extreme

Used for time and location relationships using in, on, at

Expresses ability, possibility, or polite requests

Used for stating how often something happens

Used for showing ownership or association using apostrophe + s

Used for unspecified quantities in positive, negative, and question contexts

Used for connecting ideas within or between sentences

Used for replacing nouns as the object of a verb or preposition

Countable nouns can be counted (a book, two books); uncountable nouns cannot (water, money).

Say when something is more than needed (too) or exactly enough (enough).

Adverbs of manner describe how an action happens.

Used for past actions that still matter or connect to now

Used for ongoing actions that started in the past and still continue

Expresses ability, obligation, permission, or possibility

Used for sentences where the action or result matters more than who did it

Used for past habits or states that no longer exist

Used for actions in progress at a specific future moment

Used for confirming information or seeking agreement at the end of a statement

Used for connecting contrasting ideas using concession and contrast markers

Clauses that identify exactly which person, thing, or place you mean.

Use so before adjectives/adverbs and such before nouns to emphasize degree, often followed by a that-clause showing the result.

The fixed order adjectives usually follow before a noun: opinion, size, age, shape, colour, origin, material, purpose.

Use present simple, not will, after when/as soon as/before/after/until/once even when the meaning is future.

Who broke it? vs Who did you see? — question word as subject or object.

Used for asking politely by embedding a question inside a carrier phrase with statement word order

Compares the main grammar, vocabulary, and usage differences between British and American English

Used for the earlier of two past events to show sequence

Used for actions completed before a specific future point

Forms real, hypothetical, and impossible conditions across all time frames

Used for converting direct speech to indirect speech with tense and pronoun shifts

Used for choosing between -ing and to+verb after verbs, adjectives, or prepositions

Used for arranging for someone else to do something for you

Used for an ongoing action that continued up to a past event

Used for duration of an ongoing action up to a future point

Expresses deductions about past events using must/can't/might + have

Used for reducing clauses using -ing or past participle for concise formal style

Fixed prepositions that always follow certain verbs, adjectives, and nouns.

Used for choosing the right degree adverb (very vs absolutely) based on whether an adjective is gradable or already extreme

Expresses how a past event affects the present (or vice versa)

Expresses strong emphasis by inverting verb and subject after negative openers

Forms precise noun phrases by defining, extending, or reducing relative clauses

Expresses regrets about the past or desires contrary to present reality

Expresses imagined or unrealised outcomes in the past

Used for organising and signalling structure or stance in formal speech or writing

Used for avoiding repetition using short substitute forms or deliberate omission

Formal if-less conditionals formed by inverting had, were, or should.

Turn verbs and adjectives into nouns for a formal, objective, academic tone.

Softening claims with modals, tentative verbs, and qualifying phrases in formal/academic writing.

Formal and semi-modal ways to talk about the future: be to, be about to, be due to, be on the verge of, be bound to.

Compare with nuance: proportional change, ongoing trends, and emphasized or minimized differences.

Adds a stressed do/does/did before a base verb to contradict, insist, or reassure — and combines freely with imperatives

Used for splitting a clause to emphasise or focus on one key element

Expresses necessity, demands, or hypotheticals in formal registers

Used for distancing, causative, and impersonal reporting in formal contexts

Expresses what was planned or expected from an earlier point in the past

Used for moving elements to sentence-initial position for contrast or thematic emphasis

Used for controlling where given and new information falls for maximum clarity

Forms memorable rhythm using repeated structures, patterns, or word groups